语法

语法 level

level 1

  • [ ] Present Simple: To Be
  • [] There is/are
  • [✓]  Possessives
  • [ ] Articles: A An The
  • [ ] This That These Those
  • [ ]  Present Simple
  • [ ]  Can / Can't / Have to / Don't have to
  • [ ] Prep: In, At, On
  • [ ] Past Simple: To Be
  • [ ]  Past Simple: Regular Verbs
  • [ ]  Past simple: Irregular Verbs
  • [ ]  Present Continuous
  • [ ]  Present Simple or Continuous?
  • [ ]  Countable and Uncountable
  • [ ]  Future with Going To
  • [ ]  Comparative Adjectives
  • [ ]  Superlative Adjectives
  • [ ]  Adverbs
  • [ ]  Present Perfect: Verb be
  • [ ]  Present Perfect: Other Verbs
  • [ ]  Present Perfect or Past Simple?

level 2

  • [ ]  Present Continuous For Future Use
  • [ ]  Will or Going To?
  • [ ]  Linking Words: Reasons and Results
  • [ ]  Linking Words: Organizing, Summarizing
  • [ ]  Linking Words: Contrasting Ideas
  • [ ]  Simple Past and Past Continuous
  • [ ]  Present Perfect  + Ever / Never
  • [ ]  Present Perfect + Yet / Already / Just
  • [ ]  Present Perfect + For / Since
  • [ ]  Present Perfect Simple / Continuous
  • [ ]  Comparative Adjectives: Not as .. as
  • [ ]  Comparative Adjectives: Quantifiers
  • [ ]  Comparative or Superlative?
  • [ ]  So / Neither / Too
  • [ ]  Verbs + Infinitive or - ING
  • [ ]  Permission, Obligation, Prohibition
  • [ ]  Prepositions of Time
  • [ ]  Prep. of Place
  • [ ]  Prep of Movement
  • [ ]  Relative Clauses
  • [ ]  Word Order: Asking Questions
  • [ ]  Direct and Indirect Questions
  • [ ]  Two Forms of "Used to"
  • [ ]  Too and Enough
  • [ ]  Some / Any / No
  • [ ]  Subject-Verb Agreement
  • [ ]  First Conditional
  • [ ]  Second Conditional
  • [ ]  Should / Could / Would
  • [ ]  Past Perfect
  • [ ]  Present Perfect or Past Perfect?
  • [ ]  Passive Voice: Present / Past
  • [ ]  Reported Speech: Statements
  • [ ]  Reported Speech: Requests, Orders, Questions

动词时态

  • 把 Be 动词当作动词来看，其后的分词试做 形容词补语 来形容主语，不放在动词短语里面。
  • 动词短语长的时候，里面一定会有 be 动词，如果把 be 动词抽离处理当做动词看待，那就只剩下 be 动词写的简单式和 hava been 写的完成式两种状态
  • 现在分词有正在进行的意思 visiting clients
  • 过去分词有被动的意思 introduced

简单式

过去简单 I was visiting clients the whole day yesterday

I was watching TV when I heard the doorbell

现在简单 All mothers love their children.

未来简单 There will be a major electron in March.

The building will be razed next month

完成式

现在完成 I'm sure I have seen this face somewhere.

We have been working overtime for a week to fill your order.

过去完成 I had been smoking three packs of cigarettes a day before I decided to quit.

未来完成 Next April，I will have worked here for 20 years.

一般过去式

To Be

  • I/he/she/it was born in 1982.
  • Was I/he/she/it a famous artist?
  • Were you shy when you were a child? No, I wasn't.

Regular Verbs

  • Mary didn't like the movie.
  • Did you studied for the test
  • Did you study for the test?
  • I talked with my mother last night?

Irregular Verbs Infinitive - positive - negative

  • Where were you last month? I was in France.

过去进行时 Past Continuous

Simple Past and Past Continuous

  • I was needing to find a job.
  • I needed to find a job.

现在完成时 present perfect

  1. To talk about experiences in the past, when we don’t know or don’t say exactly when the experience happened.
  2. To talk about an action or state that started in the past and continues to the present.
  • Have you been to China?
  • How long have you been married?

现在进行时 present continuous

Positive

  • I am watching TV right now.
  • It is raining today.
  • We're thinking about you.
  • They're playing basketball.
  • I believe in God.
  • I'm believing in God.
  • She wants a soda.
  • She is wanting a soda.

Negative/Questions

  • I am not working at the moment.
  • Are you writing a letter?
  • Who are they talking to?
  • How are you feeling today?

Future with Going To

Use going to to talk about future events, plans and predictions.

  • I'm going to take a test tomorrow.
  • we're gonna take a test tomorrow. [ in spoken english ]

present continuous For Future Use

  • I’m having dinner with friends tonight.
  • What are you doing on Saturday?

一般现在时

Be

  • They're Aki and Yuta
  • Are they from Australia?
  • How old are you?
  • She's 15.
  • I'm 23 year's old.

There is / There are

  • There are two pillows on the bed.
  • Is there a window?
  • No, there isn't.

Positive

  • he/she/it works. 第三人称单数
  • I/you/we/they work
  • Dana studies English at school. 以y结尾
  • She goes to cooking class on Sat. [-o -sh -s -ss -ch -x]

Negative

  • I don't like coffee.
  • John doesn't like pizza.
  • Martha doesn't like to dance. [不是likes]
  • Pete doesn't like bana
  • John and David don't like milk.

Questions

  • Do i/you/we/they live in a city? Yes, I do./ No, I don't.
  • Does she live near the beach?

句子

初级句型 - 简单句

S: Subject V: Verb O: Object C: Complement

  1. S + V John Smith died.
  2. S + V + O John Smith killed three enemy soldiers.
  3. S + V + C John Smith is a soldier.
  4. S + V + O + O John Smith's father gave him a dog.
  5. S + V + O + C John Smith's father called him a dog.

中级句型 - 复句、合句

名词从句

副词从句

关系从句

对等从句

直接间接问句

Direct and Indirect Questions

Phrases for Indirect Questions • Could you tell me… • Do you know… • I was wondering… • Do you have any idea… • I’d like to know… • Would it be possible… • Is there any chance…

被动语态 Passive Voice: Present / Past

被动语态

间接引语 Reported Speech: Statements

间接引语 语句

直接说： I've been to London three times. 间接说： She said she'd been to London three times.

  • I'll pick him up at the airport.
  • She said she'd pick him up at the airport.

真实条件句 First Conditional

The first conditional (also called conditional type 1) is a structure used for talking about possibilities in the present or in the future.

第一条件句，又称真实条件句，主要用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生。 第一条件句中的动词应该用一般现在时代替一般将来时；用现在完成时代替将来完成时。

Second Conditional

Use the Second Conditional to talk about impossible, imaginary, or unlikely situations:

不可能的，虚构的

关系从句 relative Clauses

  1. There’s the restaurant. I ate at that restaurant last night.
  2. There's the restaurant where I ate last night.

Defining and Non-Defining Relative Clauses

  1. which 非定义 Extra 去掉句子意思完整
  2. that 定义 ESSENTIAL 重要的信息 去掉句子不完整

不定式

不定式 与 助动词 的共同点：

  1. 后面都要接动词原形
  2. 都具有不确定的语气
  3. 都要用完成式来表达相对的过去时间
  4. 所有重要的语气助动词，都可以改写成不定词

不定式 是 助动词 的变化，带有不确定的语气。

词

articles 冠词

a an the

  • a, e, i, o, u: an
  • an apple
  • an ice cream shop
  • a ball
  • a hat
  • I live in China
  • I live in the China
  • She likes the pizza.
  • She likes pizza. 泛指

This That These Those

  • This 1 thing near
  • These 2+ things near
  • Those 2+ things far
  1. 名词短语 包括 限定词 形容词 名词 三（3）个部分，任意一个部分都可能省略
  2. 如果名词短语中不用限定词，是因为该名词不适合加 a 或 an
  3. a 与 an 是 one 的弱化结果，而 the 是 that 或 those 的弱化结果

prep 介词

In, At, On

helping verbs 助动词

Auxiliary verbs are also known as 'helping verbs'.

  1. do/does/did
  2. be, do and have

adj. 形容词

比较级

Comparative Adjectives

  • Ben is younger than Phil.
  • I'm older than my brother.
  • An elephant is bigger than a cat. [ vowel + consonant]
  • Maria is happier than Dave. [ consonant + y ]
  • A car is more expensive than a computer [ 3+ syllables]
  • One mile is farther than one kilometer [不规则形容词]

最高级

Superlative Adjectives 最高级 compare 3+ things

  • good -> the best
  • Bad -> the worst
  • Expensive -> the most expensive
  • Easy -> the easiest
  • Big -> the biggest

Superlatives are often used with the present perfect + ever:

  • Jan is the friendliest person I've ever met.
  • Australia is the farthest I've ever traveled.

词的顺序 Word Order

QUASM model Question word / Auxiliary verb / subject / main verb

现在分词 过去分词

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其他

Can/Can't Must/Mustn't Have to/Don't have to

  • You (have to)/must stop here.
  • You don't have to pay for the food.

名词词组与冠词

不定词短语

动名词

分词

形容词

副词

语气

介系词

主语动词一致性

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Contributors: wangqi